Ancient Mayan use of hidden soilscapes in the Yalahau wetlands, northern Quintana Roo, Mexico
2019
espanolLa region de Yalahau al norte de Quintana Roo, Mexico, contiene abundantes humedales de agua dulce y una historia de ocupacion Maya que abarca casi 3000 anos. Los mayores niveles de poblacion regional ocurrieron durante el periodo Preclasico tardio, del 100 AC al 350/450 DC. Los Mayas construyeron alineamientos rocosos cruzando los pantanos, y se ha hipotetizado que estas caracteristicas funcionaron para atrapar suelos y agua para la produccion de alimento y para el uso de recursos biologicos como el perifiton. Los estudios paleoambientales de un humedal de la porcion oriental de la region sugieren que la ocupacion de la region de Yalahau y la manipulacion de los humedales, corresponden con un periodo cuando el manto freatico fue menor que en tiempos modernos, creando ecosistemas de humedal que eran mas productivos para el cultivo. Este trabajo presenta resultados que aplican este modelo a escala regional (en humedales en otras partes de la region). Treinta pequenos nucleos de suelo fueron colectados de 12 humedales a lo largo de la region. Para este Proyecto, 5 nucleos de 4 humedales fueron seleccionados para los analisis que incluyen micromorfologia y fechamiento por radiocarbono. Las laminas delgadas, estudiadas bajo el microscopio petrografico, fueron usadas para identificar los varios tipos de caracteristicas presentes en los nucleos, incluyendo carbonatos, materia organica, conchas, pirita, yeso y espacio poroso. En cada nucleo, distinguimos una unidad superior dominada por carbonato micritico biogenico y una unidad inferior caracterizada por una variedad de caracteristicas de suelo unicas, como cristales espariticos de calcita, pirita, yeso y propiedades gleycas. Basado en esto, se sugiere que mientras que los procesos formadores del suelo moderno son claramente uniformes a lo largo de la region y controlados por la inundacion anual regular (~7 meses de >1 m de profundidad de inundacion cada ano), en el pasado (periodo Preclasico), la inundacion era menos regular y los ambientes de humedal fueron mas pantanosos y variados. Ademas, se sugiere que las depresiones del Preclasico encontradas por los Mayas, fueron un recurso agricola de calidad que permitio el florecimiento de la region durante el Preclasico tardio. Sin embargo, como la inundacion se volvio mas regular al final del periodo Preclasico, la region fue abandonada, solo para ser re-ocupada en el Postclasico tardio, cuando los humedales fueron explotados para recursos acuaticos, mas que para la agricultura. EnglishThe Yalahau region of northern Quintana Roo, Mexico, contains abundant freshwater wetlands and a history of Maya occupation that spans nearly 3000 years. The highest regional population levels occurred during the Late Preclassic period, from ca. 100 BC to AD 350/450. The Maya constructed rock alignments crossing wetland swales, and these have been hypothesized as features used to trap soil and water for production of food and useful biological resources such as periphyton. Paleoenvironmental studies from a wetland in the eastern part of the region suggested that occupation of the Yalahau region, and manipulation of the wetlands, corresponded to a period when the water table was lower than in modern times, creating wetland ecosystems that were most productive for cultivation. This paper presents results that apply this model at the regional scale (in wetlands in other parts of the region). Thirty short soil cores were collected from 12 wetlands across the region. For this project, 5 cores from 4 wetlands were selected for analyses including micromorphology and radiocarbon dating. Thin sections studied under petrographic microscope were used to identify the various types of features present in the core sequences including carbonates, organic matter, shell, pyrite, gypsum, and pore space. In each core, it was possible to distinguish an upper unit dominated by biogenic-micritic carbonate and a lower unit characterized by a variety of unique soil features such as sparitic calcite crystals, pyrite, gypsum, and gleyic properties. Based on this, it is suggested that while modern soil forming processes are fairly uniform across the region and controlled by regular annual flooding (~7 months of >1m deep flooding each year), in the past (Preclassic period), flooding was less regular and wetland environments were more swampy and varied. Furthermore, it is suggested that the Preclassic depressions encountered by the Maya were a prime agricultural resource that allowed the region to flourish during the Late Preclassic period. However, as flooding became more regular at the end of the Preclassic period, the region was abandoned, only to be reoccupied in the Late Postclassic when wetlands were exploited for aquatic resources rather than for agriculture.
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