NOTCH 1 pathway activating mutations and clonal evolution in pediatric T‐cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia

Molecular mechanisms involved in the relapse of T‐cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T‐ALL) are not fully understood, although activating NOTCH1 signaling due to NOTCH1/FBXW7 alterations is a major oncogenic driver. To unravel the relevance of NOTCH1/FBXW7 mutations associated with relapse, we performed whole–exome sequencing in 30 pediatric T‐ALL cases, among which 11 diagnosis‐relapse paired cases were further investigated to track the clonal evolution of relapse using amplicon–based deep sequencing. NOTCH1/FBXW7 alterations were detected in 73.3% (diagnosis) and 72.7% (relapse) of cases. Single nucleotide variations in the heterodimerization domain were the most frequent (40.0%) at diagnosis, whereas proline, glutamic acid, serine, threonine–rich (PEST) domain alterations were the most frequent at relapse (54.5%). Comparison between non–relapsed and relapsed cases at diagnosis showed a predominance of PEST alterations in relapsed cases (P = .045), although we failed to validate this in the TARGET cohort. Based on the clonal analysis of diagnosis‐relapse samples, we identified NOTCH1 “switching” characterized by different NOTCH1 mutations in a major clone between diagnosis and relapse samples in 2 out of 11 diagnosis‐relapse paired cases analyzed. We found another NOTCH1 “switching” case in a previously reported Berlin‐Frankfurt‐Munster cohort (n = 13), indicating NOTCH1 importance in both the development and progression of T‐ALL. Despite the limitations of having a small sample size and a non–minimal residual disease–based protocol, our results suggest that the presence of NOTCH1 mutations might contribute to the disease relapse of T‐ALL.