Physical modeling of inland freshwater lens formation and evolution in drylands

Dryland inland freshwater lenses (IFLs) that have been topographically induced are represented using physically modeled laboratory simulations, to characterize the stages of IFL evolution (i.e. formation, migration, degradation) as a function of recharge rate. Arid regions with shallow brackish to saline groundwater possess IFLs. The position and geometry (i.e. thickness, length) of IFLs over varying temporal and spatial scales is poorly understood due to their transient nature. The physically modeled IFLs in this study formed from an initial recharge pulse, after which IFL geometry was measured over time as it flowed in the direction of simulated groundwater flow. The time required for an IFL to reach the maximum thickness exhibited a negative exponential correlation to recharge rate. At IFL formation, thickness and length were positively correlated, and the ratio of IFL thickness to length exhibited a positive exponential correlation to recharge rate. After IFL formation, the central position of the simulated IFLs migrated laterally in the direction of groundwater flow at a velocity less than the range of applied recharge rates and greater than the groundwater flow velocities. The time required for the IFL to reach a minimum thickness, or IFL degradation, exhibited a positive exponential correlation to recharge rate. The Dupuit-Ghyben-Herzberg solution used to model coastal freshwater lens thickness was tested against the physically modeled IFLs and deemed invalid. A correction factor and modified solution are provided to predict IFL thickness, providing motivation for future analytical and numerical studies on inland variable-density groundwater systems in arid regions globally.