Exosomes as an emerging nanoplatform for functional therapeutics

Abstract The release of a division of extracellular entities with 40–100 nm dimension from both tumor and varied mesenchymal stem cells during pathologic conditions is termed as exosomes that are shown to actively participate in chemical signaling events occurring in multicellular organisms’ infection. Exosomes act as a vehicle for shifting amino acids, lipids, and genetic components that are readily engulfed by far-flanging cells (or adjacent cells) at the site of release for remolding the receptor cell functions once the biological contents get activated. Furthermore, pathogens too display the dispense of exosomes to temper the host’s immune response and trigger the infection rate, making them apt investigation markers for diseases. Additionally, aiding in antigen presentation and immune response stimulation, exosomes are significant in showing contrasting role as initiating anticarcinogenic responses and involving in promoting tumorigenesis as they are released from tumor cells. Due to their site specificity, cell lineage property, and encapsulation of specific constituents, exosomes can be potentially utilized as a precious investigatory and prognostic tool along with a possible carrier of drugs and gene shipment for curative goal. Since exosome groundwork is at the infancy stage, deeper insight is required to know its composition, formation, and targeting mechanism along with its significant role in disease diagnosis and treatment. This states, as mentioned previously, we have tried to focus solely on the functional and clinical implications of exosomes in-depth in this review.