Alkylation of titanium tetrachloride on magnesium dichloride in the presence of Lewis bases

Abstract We report the first quantum chemical description of the initial steps of Ziegler–Natta olefin polymerization catalysis involving all the relevant catalyst components. TiCl 4 binds on the (1 0 4) surface of MgCl 2 as a binuclear Ti 2 Cl 8 and on the (1 1 0) surface as a mononuclear TiCl 4 , both binding modes being stabilized by octahedral six-coordination of Ti and Mg. Aluminum alkyl (triethylaluminum) coordinates to the MgCl 2 surface via an unsaturated Cl to initiate catalyst alkylation reactions, thermodynamically driven by dimerization of the chlorinated aluminum alkyl. Addition of an internal donor (dimethyl phthalate) greatly stabilizes the (1 0 4) and (1 1 0) surfaces, ending up directing the alkylation reactions to the binuclear (1 0 4) site. External donor (dimethoxydimethylsilane) further assists the process, stabilizing similarly both catalytic surfaces. The spatial requirements of the donors are shown to be greater on the (1 1 0) surface than on the (1 0 4) surface, rationalizing the role of Lewis bases in the stereocontrol of polyolefins.