The application of 3-dimensional printing for preoperative planning in oral and maxillofacial surgery in dogs and cats

Objective To describe the application of 3-dimensional (3D) printing in advanced oral and maxillofacial surgery (OMFS) and to discuss the benefits of this modality in surgical planning, student and resident training, and client education. Study design Retrospective case series. Animals Client-owned dogs (n = 28) and cats (n = 4) with 3D printing models of the skulls. Methods The medical records of 32 cases with 3D printing prior to major OMFS were reviewed. Results Indications for 3D printing included preoperative planning for mandibular reconstruction after mandibulectomy (n = 12 dogs) or defect nonunion fracture (n = 6 dogs, 2 cats), mapping of ostectomy location for temporomandibular joint ankylosis or pseudoankylosis (n = 4 dogs), assessment of palatal defects (n = 2 dogs, 1 cat), improved understanding of complex anatomy in cases of neoplasia located in challenging locations (n = 2 dogs, 1 cat), and in cases of altered anatomy secondary to trauma (n = 2 dogs). Conclusion In the authors' experience, 3D printed models serve as excellent tools for OMFS planning and resident training. Furthermore, 3D printed models are a valuable resource to improve clients' understanding of the pet's disorder and the recommended treatment. Clinical relevance Three-dimensional printed models should be considered viable tools for surgical planning, resident training, and client education in candidates for complex OMFS.