Decrease in Hydraulic Conductivity of a Paddy Field using Biocalcification in situ

ABSTRACTThe hydraulic conductivity of a paddy field (Anthraquic Dystrustept), a silty clay soil containing more than 29% (w/w) of gravel, in Nagoya University Farm was reduced by in situ treatment of subsurface soil using bentonite and biocalcification (microbial calcium carbonate precipitation) through the addition of CaCl2, urea, and corn steep liquor (CSL). The treatment decreased the hydraulic conductivity of the field from an average of 10−3 cm/s to a range of 10−5 to 10−7 cm/s during 69 days, with reducing the proportion of pores of subsurface soil larger than 75 µm in diameter. The biocalcification effect was observed at 10-cm thickness from the treated subsurface. Laboratory soil core experiments demonstrated that the decrease in the hydraulic conductivity was not attributed to the effect of bentonite but mainly to the effect of biocalcification. The addition of CSL enhanced the urease activity of soil required for biocalcification, even at 4°C, as indicated by a decrease in urease activation ener...