Modifiable risk factors for poor cognitive function in former American-style football players: Findings from the Harvard Football Players Health Study.

INTRODUCTION Recent attention to consequences of head trauma among former professional American-style football players has increased the likelihood that former players and their healthcare providers attribute neurocognitive effects to these exposures. However, in addition to head trauma, many potentially modifiable risk factors are associated with cognitive impairment. METHODS We examined the association of self-reported risk factors for cognitive impairment (e.g., cardiovascular health, sleep, pain, depression, anxiety, smoking, physical impairment, and physical activity) with cognition-related quality of life, measured by the Quality of Life in Neurological Disorders, Applied Cognition-General Concerns (Neuro-QOL) among 3,803 former National Football League (NFL) players. We examined the prevalence of risk factors among men who had experienced a high number of concussion symptoms during playing years, comparing men with good current cognition-related QOL, the "healthy concussed," to men with poor cognition-related QOL, the "unhealthy concussed." RESULTS Physical functioning, pain, depression, and anxiety were very strongly associated with poor cognitive-related QOL (RR range, 2.21-2.70, p 10 percentage points). CONCLUSION We identified cognitive risk factors, including chronic pain, mood problems, sleep problems, obesity, and lack of exercise, that were commonly present in former football players with cognition-related impairment. Better treatment for these factors may reduce cognitive problems in this population.