Surgical protocol and intraoperative considerations in interventions on the testis

: The surgical treatment of incompletely descended of the testes depends on the type of the undescended testis, the age of the patient, and the time of treatment. In a few years' time new techniques of autotransplantation may solve the problem of repositioning the testes in the scrotum. Exact knowledge of possible malformation of the testes and epididymis is essential for the paediatric surgeon. Torsion of one testicle with possible autoimmune impact involving the healthy testicle requires immediate exploratory surgery and treatment according to age. Paediatric carcinoma of the testes is rather rare, whereas treatment and prognosis vary with the histological type. Accurate classification and cooperation with a centre for paediatric oncology are essential.