Transcutaneous carbon dioxide profile during sleep reveals metabolic risk factors in post-menopausal females

The risks of metabolic syndrome and sleep-disordered breathing increase around the time of the menopause. We have previously shown that features of the nocturnal transcutaneous carbon dioxide (TcCO 2 ) profile are associated with metabolic variables such as cholesterol, glycosylated haemoglobin A1C (GHbA1C) and blood pressure in patients with sleep apnoea. In the present study, we investigated whether these metabolic variables can be predicted using noninvasive TcCO 2 measurements during sleep in generally healthy post-menopausal females. 22 post-menopausal females underwent an overnight polygraphic sleep study that involved the continuous monitoring of arterial oxygen saturation ( S a,O 2 ) and TcCO 2 . Body composition, GHbA1C, plasma cholesterol and blood pressure were measured prior to the sleep study. Nocturnal TcCO 2 features were the most important predictors of lipoprotein cholesterols, triglycerides and blood pressure levels. A longer sleep period and higher TcCO 2 levels were linked with lower GHbA1C, and fragmented sleep with lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Neither nocturnal S a,O 2 indices nor the apnoea/hypopnoea index had a predictive power. The results suggest that nocturnal TcCO 2 events revealed metabolic risk factors already present in healthy post-menopausal females.