FÁBRICAS RECUPERADAS PELOS TRABALHADORES: os dilemas da gestão coletiva do trabalho

Este artigo objetiva analisar os dilemas da gestao coletiva em fabricas recuperadas pelos trabalhadores no Brasil, organizadas, em sua maioria, na decada de 1990. Essas fabricas foram estruturadas ora como cooperativas, ora como formas hibridas de gestao, num contexto de reestruturacao economica e aumento do desemprego, para manter postos de trabalho. Em geral, elas tiveram apoio de sindicatos, e progressivamente se inseriram no movimento de Economia Solidaria que se institucionalizou na decada seguinte. Apos 20 anos do surgimento dos primeiros empreendimentos desse tipo, buscamos nao so verificar como eles se mantiveram no mercado e se adaptaram as mudancas politico-economicas do periodo, mas tambem analisar sua relacao com as propostas originais de autogestao. A pesquisa teve um recorte longitudinal, buscando estudar fabricas analisadas anteriormente (no final dos anos 1990) e que permaneciam em atividade. Tambem foram realizadas entrevistas com liderancas e trabalhadores dos empreendimentos, bem como com liderancas de instituicoes de apoio como a ANTEAG e a UNISOL Brasil. Embora os ideais do cooperativismo e da chamada autogestao permanecam presentes nos discursos de muitos trabalhadores, sua efetivacao encontra muitos obstaculos na pratica, uma vez que, para serem viaveis, as fabricas recuperadas enfrentam muitas pressoes do mercado, que acabam por modificar alguns de seus objetivos iniciais. RECUPERATED FACTORIES BY WORKERS: the dilemmas of collective management of work ABSTRACT This article aims to analyze the dilemmas of the collective management in factories recuperated by workers in Brazil organized mostly in the 1990s. These factories were structured either as cooperatives or as hybrid forms of management, in a context of economic restructuring and of rising unemployment, in order to keep jobs. Generally, they had the support of labor unions, and progressively became part of the Solidarity Economy movement, which was institutionalized in the following decade. 20 years after the advent of the first projects of this kind, we sought not only to verify how they remained in the market and how they adapted to the political-economic changes of the period, but also to analyze their relation to the original proposals of self-management. This article has a longitudinal scope, seeking to study factories analyzed previously (in the late 1990s), which remained in activity. In addition, interviews with leaders and workers of the projects were made, as well as with leaders of support institutions such as ANTEAG and UNISOL Brazil. Although the ideals of cooperativism and self-management remain present in many workers’ speech, its implementation has found many obstacles in practice since recuperated factories in order to become viable endure many market pressures, which eventually modify some of their initial objectives. Key words:  Work; Self-Management; Cooperativism; Solidarity Economy; Recuperated Factories FABRIQUES RECUPEREES PAR LES TRAVAILLEURS: les dilemmes de la gestion collective du travail ABSTRACT L’objectif de cet article est d’analyser les dilemmes de la gestion collective dans des fabriques recuperees par les travailleurs au Bresil et qui se sont organisees, dans leur plus grand nombre au cours des annees 1990. Ces fabriques ont ete structurees soit comme des cooperatives soit sous des formes hybrides d’administration, dans un contexte de restructuration economique et d’augmentation du chomage, afin de pouvoir maintenir des postes de travail. En general elles ont eu le soutien de syndicats et se sont inserees progressivement dans le mouvement de l’Economie Solidaire qui s’est institutionalisee dans la decennie suivante. Vingt ans apres l’appartition des premieres entreprises de ce genre nous nous proposons non seulement de verifier comment elles se maintiennent sur le marche et se sont adaptees aux changements politiques et economiques de cette periode mais aussi d’analyser leur relation avec les propositions a l’origine de l’autogestion. La recherche s’est faite sur une coupure longitudinale pour essayer d’etudier les fabriques analysees anterieurement (a la fin des annees 1990) et qui sont toujours en activite. Des interviews ont egalement ete realisees avec des leaders et des employes de ces entreprises ainsi qu’avec des responsables d’institutions de soutien telles que l’ANTEAG et l’UNISOL Bresil. Meme si les ideaux du cooperativisme et de la dite autogestion sont toujours presents dans les discours de beaucoup de travailleurs, dans la pratique leur mise en place est confrontee a de nombreux obstacles vu que, pour rester viables, les fabriques recuperees affrontent les pressions du marche qui finissent par modifier quelques-uns de leurs objectifs initiaux. Key words:  Travail; Autogestion; Cooperativisme; Economie solidaire; Fabriques recuperees