Indoor PAHs at schools, homes and offices in Rome, Italy

Abstract Indoor and outdoor concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) associated with PM 2.5 particles were monitored in three microenvironments (schools, homes and offices) in the city of Rome, Italy, between winter 2011 and summer 2012. Molecular signatures and indoor/outdoor concentration ratios of PAHs were investigated, with special emphasis on carcinogenic congeners. At indoor locations, total PAHs ranged, on average, from 1.8 to 8.4 ng/m 3 in winter and from 0.30 to 1.35 ng/m 3 in spring/summer. Outdoors, total PAH concentrations were found to reach 6.3–17.9 ng/m 3 in winter and 0.42–1.74 ng/m 3 in spring-summer. Indoors, the concentration of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) was as high as 1.1 ng/m 3 in winter and below 0.1 ng/m 3 in the warm season, independently of site type; the yearly average remained below the European guideline value. The indoor/outdoor concentration ratios of individual compounds were lower than one for most of congeners, suggesting that outdoor sources were predominant. Nonetheless, the percentages of PAH compounds changed with sites and seasons; in particular, in spring/summer, the concentration of BaP at our sites was more than twice that recorded at the regional network stations.