Triggering of cardiovascular hospital admissions by fine particle concentrations in New York state: Before, during, and after implementation of multiple environmental policies and a recession

Abstract Background Previous studies reported triggering of acute cardiovascular events by short-term increasedPM 2.5 concentrations. From 2007 to 2013, national and New York state air quality policies and economic influences resulted in reduced concentrations of PM 2.5 and other pollutants across the state. We estimated the rate of cardiovascular hospital admissions associated with increased PM 2.5 concentrations in the previous 1–7 days, and evaluated whether they differed before (2005–2007), during (2008–2013), and after these concentration changes (2014–2016). Methods Using the Statewide Planning and Research Cooperative System (SPARCS) database, we retained all hospital admissions with a primary diagnosis of nine cardiovascular disease (CVD) subtypes, for residents living within 15 miles of PM 2.5 monitoring sites in Buffalo, Rochester, Albany, Queens, Bronx, and Manhattan from 2005 to 2016 (N = 1,922,918). We used a case-crossover design and conditional logistic regression to estimate the admission rate for total CVD, and nine specific subtypes, associated with increased PM 2.5 concentrations. Results Interquartile range (IQR) increases in PM 2.5 on the same and previous 6 days were associated with 0.6%–1.2% increases in CVD admission rate (2005–2016). There were similar patterns for cardiac arrhythmia, ischemic stroke, congestive heart failure, ischemic heart disease (IHD), and myocardial infarction (MI). Ambient PM 2.5 concentrations and annual total CVD admission rates decreased across the period. However, the excess rate of IHD admissions associated with each IQR increase in PM 2.5 in previous 2 days was larger in the after period (2.8%; 95%CI = 1.5%–4.0%) than in the during (0.6%; 95%CI = 0.0%–1.2%) or before periods (0.8%; 95%CI = 0.2%–1.3%), with similar patterns for total CVD and MI, but not other subtypes. Conclusions While pollutant concentrations and CVD admission rates decreased after emission changes, the same PM 2.5 mass was associated with a higher rate of ischemic heart disease events. Future work should confirm these findings in another population, and investigate whether specific PM components and/or sources trigger IHD events.