Pitfalls in three-dimensional seismic interpretation: Footprints of an irregular source–receiver layout

ABSTRACT This paper shows how nonuniform source–receiver spacing in a three-dimensional (3-D) land acquisition creates footprints that could easily be mistaken for geology. In a 3-D time-migrated seismic volume from the midcontinent United States, amplitude extraction along the top of the Mississippian limestone formation shows a sinkhole-like feature, which is justified from a depositional perspective. However, an inspection of the acquisition layout shows that the sinkhole is a replica of the fold distribution. In land surveys where source and receivers seldom have a regular distribution and for unconventional plays that are not developed through patterned drilling, a thorough review of processing and acquisition parameters is necessary before interpreting amplitude maps.