Space and Security Programs in the Largest European Countries

This chapter presents space and security programs in the five largest European countries and indicates their main priorities and trends. Recent policy developments in European countries, this have influenced national and institutional space security programs. The current chapter addresses different types of space activities and programs in the fields of Earth observation (EO), Intelligence-Surveillance-Reconnaissance (ISR), Satellite communication (SATCOM), positioning, navigation, and timing (PNT), and Space Situational Awareness (SSA). The countries presented are France, Germany, Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom (UK).