The effects of anti–TNF agents on the expansion of T helper-type 17 cells driven by lipopolysaccharide-stimulated monocytes

T helper-type 17 (Th17) cells are proinflammatory CD4+ cells characterized by Interleukin-17 (IL-17) production. Evidence suggests cytokines produce by Th17s, including IL-17, are involved in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) pathogenesis [1]. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated monocytes promote CD4+ cell differentiation into Th17 cells, producing IL-17 in vitro[2].