Mortality Estimates of Juvenile Spring–Summer Chinook Salmon in the Lower Columbia River and Estuary, 1992–1998: Evidence for Delayed Mortality?

Abstract Recovery of Endangered Species Act—listed salmonids in the Columbia River basin has relied upon the efficacy of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineer's juvenile salmon transportation program to move fish past Snake and Columbia River hydropower dams. The effectiveness of this program has been assessed by the indirect method of comparing smolt-to-adult returns. We present some of the first data and mortality estimates of barged and run-of-river (ROR) radio-tagged juvenile spring–summer Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha after release in the lower Columbia River, representing years of study. Our data suggest that smolt mortality (1) is very low for ROR and barged fish between Bonneville Dam and the estuary proper, a migratory distance of 180 river kilometers (rkm); (2) occurs in the lower estuary (rkm 0–46); (3) varies more across dates within a year than between years or between passage types (barged or ROR); (4) increases with time within a season and increasing numbers of avian predators, includi...