Reclassification of Xanthomonas gardneri (ex Šutič 1957) Jones et al. 2006 as a later heterotypic synonym of Xanthomonas cynarae Trébaol et al. 2000 and description of X. cynarae pv. cynarae and X. cynarae pv. gardneri based on whole genome analyses
2019
Multilocus sequence analysis of Xanthomonas species revealed a very close relationship between
Xanthomonas cynarae
, an artichoke pathogen and Xanthomonas gardneri, a tomato and pepper pathogen. Results of whole genome sequence comparisons using average nucleotide identity between representative strains of
X. gardneri
and X. cynarae were well above the threshold of 95–96 %. Inoculations of
X. gardneri
strains in artichoke leaves caused mild disease symptoms, but only weak symptoms were observed in the bracts. Both
X. cynarae
and X. gardneri grew equally and caused typical bacterial spot symptoms in pepper after artificial inoculation. However,
X. cynarae
induced a hypersensitive reaction in tomato, while
X. gardneri
strains were virulent. Pathogenicity-associated gene clusters, including the protein secretion systems, type III effector profiles, and lipopolysaccharide cluster were nearly identical between the two species. Based on our results from whole genome sequence comparison,
X. gardneri
and
X. cynarae
belong to the same species. The name
X. cynarae
has priority and
X. gardneri
should be considered as a later heterotypic synonym. An emended description of
X. cynarae
(type strain=CFBP 4188T, =DSM 16794T) is given. However, due to the host specificity in artichoke and tomato, two pathovars, X. cynarae pv. cynarae and X. cynarae pv. gardneri, are proposed.
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