Renal calculosis in pediatrics

: Urinary stones (calculi) are not a rare problem in pediatrics, presenting a prevalence of 1 case/20,000 children/year. Both nephrocalcinosis (deposition of calculi within the renal parenchyma) and urolithiasis (stone formation in the calyces, renal pelvis and bladder) may occur. Etiology of urinary stones involves metabolic, infectious, anatomic and idiopathic causes. Diagnosis and treatment require knowledge of a wide range of diseases. After urinary stones have been suspected, biohumoral tests and ultrasound examination should be routinely performed.