Reactions of Pd-PEPPSI complexes with protic acids

The Pd-PEPPSI complexes widely used to catalyze numerous reactions eliminate the pyridine ligand on treatment with protic acids to give binuclear complexes [Pd(NHC)X2]2 with the Pd–X–Pd (X = Cl, Br, I) bridging bonds. The reaction proceeds with high yields (78–98%) and can be regarded as a preparative approach to binuclear complexes. A prolonged heat treatment of either Pd-PEPPSI complexes or binuclear [Pd(NHC)X2]2 complexes in the presence of strong protic acids results in the Pd–NHC bond cleavage to give azolium salts (proligands) and palladium salts.