Electrochemical Determination of Propranolol, Acetaminophen and Folic Acid in Urine, and Human Plasma Using Cu2O–CuO/rGO/CPE

A Cu2O–CuO/rGO/CPE was used for simultaneous measurement of propranolol (PRO), Acetaminophen (AC) and folic acid (FA) using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) and amperometric techniques. Modification on the surface of carbon paste electrode was carried out using Cu2O–CuO/Gr nanocomposite and performance of the modified electrode was investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) techniques. The synthesized nanomaterials were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The Cu2O–CuO/rGO/CPE represents acceptable peak separation between the analytes, and exhibited three sharp and well-defined peaks for AC, FA and PRO at 392, 719 and 983 mV in Britton–Robinson universal buffer solution pH 7.0. DPV illustrated a dynamic range of 0.01–92.5, 0.013–98.3, and 0.04–104.6 μM with the detection limit of 0.004, 0.006, and 0.011 μM for of AC, FA and PRO, respectively. Amperometric technique was used for determination of the analytes in the range of 0.008–13, 0.01–14, and 0.02–15 μM for AC, FA and PRO, respectively, with the detection limit of AC: 0.003, FA: 0.004 and PRO: 0.008 μM. Also, Cu2O–CuO/rGO/CPE shows an excellent selectivity, stability, repeatability, and reproducibility for determination of target analytes. The proposed sensor was successfully used for the simultaneous determination of AC, FA and PRO in urine and human plasma spiked samples with the satisfactory results.