Tissue Repair and Regeneration Disorders: Repair and Regeneration of Chronic Refractory Wounds

Chronic refractory wounds (commonly known as ulcers) can be formed by many reasons. The International Society for Wound Healing defines it as a wound that fails to achieve anatomical and functional integrity and secondary healing through a normal, orderly, and timely repair process. Clinically, it mostly refers to those who fail to heal and have no tendency to heal after more than one month of treatment. It depends on the wound size, the cause, the general health of the individual, and other factors. It mostly occurs in patients with severe chronic and acute injuries such as diabetes mellitus, trauma, varicose veins, angiosclerosis, paraplegia, and long-term bedridden. It has the characteristics of complicated pathogenesis, long course of disease, many disciplines involved, difficult treatment, and high treatment costs.