Cell Therapy and Tissue Engineering in Bone Defect Reconstruction; A Review

Background: Extensive research on bone tissue engineering as a novel therapeutic approach to design and fabricate suitable scaffolds is in progress to overcome the limitations of conventional bone repair techniques. In recent years, tissue engineering and remedial medicine have come up with the strategy of designing, fabricating, and optimizing synthetic and natural scaffolds containing cells and growth factors to facilitate the direct and indirect mechanisms of bone tissue repair in the body. Based on many studies, cellular source, cell medium condition, and biological scaffolds are critical factors in bone defect repair in the field of tissue engineering. Aim: In this review, we focus on the combination of mesenchymal cells derived from the human adipose tissue, stem cell-to-bone differentiation medium, and biocompatible polyvinyl alcohol-graphene oxide scaffolds in bone lesion repair to gain a better understanding of each factor. This would, in turn, help us design and develop optimal therapeutic approaches for bone repair and regeneration.  Conclusion: The combination of mesenchymal cells and biocompatible scaffolds proved promising in the process of bone lesion repair.