Evaluation of Contrast-Enhanced Computed Tomography for the Differential Diagnosis of Hypovascular Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors from Chronic Mass-Forming Pancreatitis

Abstract Purpose To assess the role of contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CECT) for differentiation of hypovascular pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (hypo-PNETs) from chronic mass-forming pancreatitis (CMFP). Methods A retrospective study of 59 patients (27 hypo-PNETs patients vs 32 CMFP patients) who underwent preoperative CECT between July 2012 and July 2019 was performed. Qualitative and quantitative analysis was performed, including mass location, size, margin, cystic changes, calcification, pancreatic or bile duct dilatation, pancreatic atrophy, local vessels involvement, mass contrast enhancement and mass-to-pancreas enhancement ratio. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to identify relevant CT imaging findings in differentiation between hypo-PNETs and CMFP. Results When compared to CMFP, hypo-PNETs more frequently had a well-defined margin and cystic changes and less frequently had a history of pancreatitis and calcification. CMFP had higher mass contrast enhancement and mass-to-pancreas enhancement ratio in the portal and delayed phases than hypo-PNETs. After multivariate logistic regression analyses, areas under the curve (AUCs) were 0.795 (95 % CI: 0.652−0.899), 0.752 (95 % CI: 0.604−0.866), 0.859 (95 % CI: 0.726−0.943), and 0.929 (95 % CI: 0.814−0.983) for Model 1(clinical factors), Model 2 (qualitative parameters), Model 3 (quantitative parameters), and their combinations, respectively. Conclusion Combined assessment of clinical factors, qualitative, and quantitative imaging characteristics can improve the differentiation between hypo-PNETs and CMFP at CECT.