Low-level fat fraction quantification at 3 T: comparative study of different tools for water–fat reconstruction and MR spectroscopy

Chemical Shift Encoded Magnetic Resonance Imaging (CSE-MRI)-based quantification of low-level ( ; and in vivo . Bland–Altman analysis was applied to phantom and in vivo measurements. Multi-echo MRI in combination with an advanced algorithm including multi-peak spectrum modeling appears as a valuable and accurate method for low-level PDFF quantification over large FOV in high resolution, and is much faster than MRS methods. The graph-cut algorithm (GC) showed the fewest water/fat swaps in the PDFF maps, and hence stands out as the most robust method of those tested.