Electronic Charts in the Nineties

Electronic charts rely on the microprocessor, GPS or Loran, and radar. The electronic chart is a legal document; the administrative and legal factors involved in its development must be described, along with technical improvements. Provisional standards are expected to become final in 1993. Radar improves the Electronic Chart Display Information System (ECDIS) by showing images of vessels or objects in or near own ship, displaying collision possibilities, and confirming the accuracy of the positioning system. Electronic charts can be updated by radio so that ships entering harbors can have an up-to-date chart. ECDIS displays are similar to Vessel Traffic System displays, easing the problems of attaining ship control in harbors. ECDIS sea trials are continuing, with a major project to get under way in the United States. ECDIS will probably be a building block towards an integrated navigation system, with equipment carriage becoming mandatory.