Pathogenicity Caused by High Virulent and Low Virulent Strains of Steinernema carpocapsae to Galleria mellonella

Abstract Steinernema carpocapsae is an entomopathogenic nematode associated with a symbiotic bacterium, Xenorhabdus nematophilus. Both components of the complex participate in a pathogenic process in insects. This has raised two questions: how much does each one participate, and what mechanisms are involved? In this paper we compare the virulence of two strains of S. carpocapsae: a high virulent strain (Breton) and a low virulent strain (Az27), both of which are free of symbiotic bacteria. Breton and Az27 strains each one have similar ability to invade Galleria mellonella with median infectious times of 3.9 and 3.2 h, respectively. However, the LD 50 of the Breton and Az27 strains are 48.6 and 894.5 infective juveniles per insect, respectively. Breton strain takes 38 h to kill 100% of exposed insects, whereas Az27 takes three times longer. The lethal time of the low virulent strain in G. mellonella larvae is highly dependent on the number of nematodes which have penetrated the hemocelium, whereas it is not on the high virulent strain. Hemolymph patterns in SDS–PAGE of insects parasitized by the high virulent strain showed important differences in respect to the low virulent strain and control. Secretion/excretion products of the high virulent strain have important proteolytic activity as well as α-mannosidase and α-fucosidase activities, whereas, in secretion/excretion products of the avirulent strain, proteolytic activity was lower and α-mannosidase and α-fucosidase activities were undetected.