Perspective pinhole model with planar source for augmented reality surgical navigation based on C-arm imaging

Purpose For augmented reality surgical navigation based on C-arm imaging, accuracy of the overlaid augmented reality onto the X-ray image is imperative. However, overlay displacement is generated when a conventional pinhole model describing a geometric relationship of a normal camera is adopted for C-arm calibration. Thus, a modified model for C-arm calibration is proposed to reduce this displacement, which is essential for accurate surgical navigation.