Modeling the Influence of Mechanics on Biological Growth

Abstract Growth of the skeletal system (both bone and cartilage) is influenced by mechanical loads. Here we demonstrate how we can explore the mechanobiology of skeletal growth using finite element analysis in four applications: (1) muscle growth, (2) cartilage growth, (3) endochondral growth and ossification (long bone growth), and (4) periosteal growth (cross-sectional adaptation). For each of these growth processes, we use finite element analysis to determine potential mechanical stimuli (stress, strain, or fluid flow), implement mechanobiological rules that govern how the physical stimulus influences the growth, and simulate growth with expansion of the elements in a particular direction. Using finite element analysis allows us to explore different potential stimuli by comparing temporal and spatial growth responses. We can also explore the effects of altering loading conditions to alter growth patterns. Understanding the role of loading in development can help inform why deformities occur and how to mitigate or prevent them.