Reveal crucial subtype of natural chondroitin sulfate on the functionalized coatings for cardiovascular implants

Abstract Surface functionalization is generally accepted as one of the most useful methods for endowing better biocompatibility of the cardiovascular implants. Chondroitin sulfate (CS) is a commercial drug applied for preventing cardiovascular diseases in clinics, suggesting a potential application for functionalized coatings. Our previous work demonstrated that the CS conjugated onto the poly-dopamine (PDA)/hexanediamine (HD) co-deposited 316L stainless steel (316L SS) could endow the surface stronger multi-functions for cardiovascular implants. However, the natural CS has two subtypes, CS A and CS C, while it is still unclear which subtype makes more contribution to the surface modification of cardiovascular implants. Thus, the present study focus on comparing CS A and CS C via preparing functionalized coatings on the cardiovascular implants. Our data suggested PDA/HD-CS C coating possessed better blood compatibility and pro-endothelialization function through controlling the phenotype and distribution of macrophages, smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells in time sequence and space sequence.