The therapy of kidney cancer with biomolecular drugs

SUMMARY Purpose Over the last few years, targeted agents have assumed a predominant role in treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC). Our aim is to discuss recent developments on this rapidly evolving topic. Evidence synthesis Sunitinib represents front-line standard treatment for the good- and intermediate prognosis groups of patients with clear cell renal carcinoma. Bevacizumab/interferon and pazopanib have also been FDA-approved as first-line agents, while sorafenib has moved toward second-line and later therapy. Temsirolimus, an mTOR inhibitor, is recommended as front line therapy for patients in the poor-risk group and is the best front-line choice for patients with non-clear cell histology. Another mTOR inhibitor, everolimus, has shown clinical benefit post-tyrosine kinasis inhibitors failure in a phase III study and is considered the standard of care in this setting. Novel prognostic and efficacy markers might help to define most appropriate therapeutic strategy. Best sequence of use of these effective agents in mRCC patients remains up to the discretion of treating physician. Conclusions In light of the considerable advances in understanding the biology of mRCC, several new drugs have been recently developed, with an increasing number of treatment options. Several markers are under evaluation for diagnostic, prognostic and efficacy purposes. A treatment algorithm, based on the best scientific evidence produce so far, is presented and it will evolve as data from ongoing trials will be available.