White Matter Microstructure and its Relation to Clinical Features of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Findings from the ENIGMA OCD Working Group

Importance: Microstructural alterations in cortico-subcortical connections are thought to be present in Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD). However, prior studies have yielded inconsistent findings, perhaps because small sample sizes provided insufficient power to detect subtle abnormalities. Objective: To investigate microstructural white matter alterations and their relation to clinical features in the largest dataset of adult and pediatric OCD to date. Design, Setting, and Participants: In this cross-sectional case control magnetic resonance study, we investigated diffusion tensor imaging metrics from 700 adult patients and 645 adult controls, as well as 174 pediatric patients and 144 pediatric controls across 19 sites participating in the ENIGMA-OCD Working Group. Main Outcomes and Measures: We extracted measures of fractional anisotropy (FA) as main outcome, and mean diffusivity, radial diffusivity, and axial diffusivity as secondary outcomes for 25 white matter regions. We meta-analyzed patient control group differences (Cohens d) across sites, after adjusting for age and sex, and investigated associations with clinical characteristics. Results: Adult OCD patients showed significant FA reduction in the sagittal stratum (d=-0.21, z=-3.21, p=0.001) and posterior thalamic radiation (d=-0.26, z=-4.57, p<0.0001). In the sagittal stratum only, lower FA was associated with a younger age of onset (z=2.71, p=0.006), longer duration of illness (z=-2.086, p=0.036) and a higher percentage of medicated patients in the cohorts studied (z=-1.98, p=0.047). No significant association with symptom severity was found. Pediatric OCD patients did not show any detectable microstructural abnormalities compared to matched controls. Conclusions and Relevance: Microstructural alterations in projection and association fibers to posterior brain regions were found in adult OCD, and related to disease course and medication status. Such results are relevant to models positing deficits in connectivity as a crucial mechanism in OCD.