Strain partitioning in the transition area between oblique subduction and continental collision, Hikurangi margin, New Zealand

Spatial differences in late Quaternary structural style and deformation rates indicate a complex pattern of strain partitioning within the transition area from oblique subduction beneath southern North Island to oblique continental collision in northern South Island, New Zealand. The late Quaternary structure of the offshore southern Hikurangi margin is determined here using seismic reflection profiles, MR1 side-scan sonar swath images, EM12Dual multibeam swath bathymetry and backscatter images, and sediment core and dredge samples. Where oblique (50°) subduction of the oceanic Hikurangi Plateau is occurring beneath southern Wairarapa region, the steep, dissected, upper margin consists of a wedge of rocks that are being deformed by strike-slip and reverse faults. Beneath the lower margin an accretionary wedge of Quaternary age has developed rapidly by frontal accretion of a thick succession of turbidites on the Pacific Plate. Estimates of late Quaternary geological strain rates have been made on two margin-perpendicular transects across southern North Island and the offshore margin to budget the predicted NUVEL-1A plate motion. More than 33–55 % of the total plate motion is expressed in the offshore part of the upper plate above the subduction detachment in the central Hikurangi margin between 40°S and 41°S. This offshore deformation could potentially include margin-parallel fault slip of up to 14–15 mm/yr. Across the upper plate, strain is partitioned into zones of folding and thrust faulting and possibly more than one zone of strike-slip faulting, but the partitioning may be incomplete with oblique-slip thrusting an important component of the deformation. The wide distribution of deformation within the upper plate partially reflects strong coupling between the subducting oceanic plateau and the leading edge of the overriding plate. This coupling increases toward the southwest, where the continental part of the subduction zone beneath Marlborough may now be inactive or very strongly coupled. Toward the southwest the transpressive deformation style of the upper Wairarapa margin continues into the upper Marlborough margin and onshore into the strike-slip Marlborough Fault System of northern South Island. In contrast, the accretionary wedge narrows to the southwest and terminates in southeastern Cook Strait, approximately above the transition from subducted oceanic crust to subducted continental crust of the Pacific Plate. Farther southwest beneath the lower Marlborough margin, low-strain folding and thrust faulting is occurring, but the style of deformation is not typical of the accretionary wedge. This shortening results either from a small amount of subduction slip beneath Marlborough and/or from contractional strain partitioned to the southeast of the continental transpression zone. Whereas the initial onset of continental collision occurs in Marlborough, the surface expression of deformation of the Pacific Plate occurs south of 42°30′S. Normal faulting of the northwestern margin of the continental Chatham Rise possibly reflects flexural extension of the Pacific Plate crust at the southern end of the subduction zone, whereas folding and thrust faulting of the north Canterbury coastal region results from NW-SE contraction of the delaminated upper crust entering the Southern Alps collision zone.