Multisensory factors in postural control: Varieties of visual and haptic effects

Abstract Background Previous work on balance control in children and adults highlights the importance of multisensory information. Work in this vein has examined two principal input sources – the role of visual and haptic information on balance. Recent work has explored the impact of a different form of haptic input – object holding – on balance in young infants. Research question This experiment examined the impact of simultaneous visual input and haptic input on balance in children and adults, employing two novel forms of haptic input. Methods Static balance was measured in 3–5 year olds, 7–9 year olds, and young adults, in the presence of all possible combinations of manipulated visual input (eyes open, eyes closed) and haptic input (no touch, object hold, touch an unstable support, touch a stable support). Results Analysis of postural stability (mean velocity) indicated that stability was influenced by visual input, haptic input, and age group. For visual input stability increased in eyes open versus eyes closed conditions. For haptic input, stability systematically increased with increasing levels of fixed haptic input (e.g., no touch, object hold, unstable touch, stable touch). Stability also increased as a function of increasing age group. There were no interactions between the factors. Significance The finding that the two novel forms of haptic input – object hold and touch with an unstable support surface – increased stability relative to no touch input, but not as much as touch with a stable support, indicates that children use haptic information in a self-referential fashion for controlling posture. The failure to observe any interactions between visual and haptic inputs with age suggests that multisensory processing is generally additive across development, and has implications for the occurrence of sensory weighting across developmental epochs.