Antiangiogenic Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors: Occurrence and Risk Factors of Hemoptysis in Refractory Thyroid Cancer

Background: Antiangiogenic tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are the mainstay of advanced thyroid cancer (TC) treatment. Concern is rising about TKI-related toxicity. Objective: To determine the incidence and to investigate the risk factors of hemoptysis in TC patients during TKI treatment. Methods: We analyzed consecutive TC patients treated with TKI in our center between 2005 and 2013 and performed an independent review of computed tomography scan images for airway invasion assessment. Occurrence of grade 1–2 or grade 3–5 hemoptysis according to Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events version 4.03 and risk factors for hemoptysis were investigated. Results: A total of 140 patients (89 males; median age, 52 y) with medullary (56%), differentiated (33%), and poorly differentiated (11%) TC were enrolled. Thyroidectomy±neck dissection was performed in 123 patients and neck/mediastinum external-beam radiotherapy in 41 (32% with therapeutic purpose and 68% with adjuvant purpose). Patients received from ...