Overcoming of p-glycoprotein-mediated benzimidazole resistance in Haemonchus contortus of small ruminants with flavinoids, verapamil and loperamide

In vitro study was conducted for overcoming of P-glycoprotein mediated benzimidazole resistance in Haemonchus contortus of sheep and goats. In Vitro egg hatch assay (EHA) was carried out to assess the P-glycoprotein associated benzimidazole resistance and it’s overcome with verapamil, loperamide and flavinoids (quercetin, kaempferol, Phloretin and curcumin) in Haemonchus contortus. In EHA, benzimidazole resistant with a mean ED50 of 0.247 μg/ml and ED50 0.070 μg/ml in susceptible populations of H. contortus were recorded. Resistance factor was 3.5. In vitro overcoming of benzimidazole resistance in H. contortus with co-incubation of thiabendazole and identified plant flavinoids /chemicals were carried out. The reversal/overcoming of thiabendazole resistance was observed with the highest concentration of different chemical and plant flavinoids with reduced ED50 values 0.02; 0.024; 0.03; 0.041; 0.052 and 0.064 μg/ml for verapamil, loperamide, quercetin, kaempferol, Phloretin and curcumin respectively. This result indicates the capacity of these compounds to reverse/overcome the benzimidazole resistance. The data obtained in laboratory studies using in vitro tests need to be confirmed with in vivo trials performed under field conditions.