Aids neurologic manifestations in childhood

INTRODUCTION: Children with AIDS get infected mainly by vertical transmission. DEVELOPMENT: That was what happened in 90% of the cases in a series of 340 HIV+ children followed at Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Brazil. Currently, after the use of prophylactic treatment during pregnancy and the six first weeks of life, our transmission rate is 3% to 4%. The incidence of neurologic complications in the vertical transmission group was 49% in our prospective series, and due either to immunosuppression or primary neurological disease. Neurologic changes secondary to HIV constitute a complex syndrome, manifested by various degrees of cognitive, motor and behavioral delay. Encephalopathy can be either progressive or static. In our series, encephalopathy occurred in 32.5% of cases, developmental delay in 42.5%, seizures in 6%, speech delay in 5%, headaches in 2.5% and behavioral disorders in 2%. Central nervous system infections happened in 33.8% of our cases: acute bacterial infections in 11%, cytomegalovirus in 6.8%, toxoplasmosis in 5.9%, cryptococcal in 5%, tuberculous in 3.8% and syphilis in 1.3%. Hemorrhagic cerebrovascular accidents were seen in 2.5% of our cases, and peripheral neuropathy in 5%. Seventy percent of our cases had abnormalities in the CSF, 75% in brain CT scans and 45% in EEGs. CONCLUSIONS: Treatment of children with AIDS and neurologic manifestations was based on specific drugs aimed at controlling viral replication. Best response was obtained with combined use of AZT and other anti-retroviral neuro-protective.