Fatores de Riscos na Fissura Labiopalatina Não Sindrômica

As anomalias craniofaciais representam um grupo amplo de malformacoes congenitas que afetam uma grande proporcao da sociedade mundial. Entre essas se encontram as fissuras de labio e/ou de palato, anomalia orofacial mais frequente entre os seres humanos que ocasionam problemas esteticos e funcionais nos individuos afetados.  A etiologia das fissuras labiopalatinas isoladas ou nao-sindromicas e complexa e multifatorial, associadas a fatores hereditarios e ambientais. Este estudo teve como objetivo relatar os fatores geneticos e ambientais associados a etiologia desse tipo de malformacao, atraves de uma revisao narrativa de literatura, a partir das bases de dados: PubMed e Scielo. Os descritores utilizados foram: cleft palate AND cleft lip AND etiology AND risk factors. Incluiram-se artigos nos idiomas ingles e portugues publicados em periodicos nacionais e internacionais acerca da tematica da pesquisa. Baseado na revisao de literatura se pode identificar que os fatores ambientais como: fumo, consumo de alcool, consumo de medicamentos, o nao uso de suplementacao com polivitaminicos e acido folico, exposicao a agrotoxicos, idade dos genitores podem aumentar a chance de ocorrencia das fissuras labiopalatinas. O acompanhamento gestacional durante o primeiro trimestre gestacional se faz necessario, a fim de monitorar os fatores de risco associados com as fissuras labiopalatinas nao sindromicas.   Palavras-chave: Fissura Palatina. Fenda Labial. Etiologia. Fatores de Risco.   Abstract Craniofacial anomalies represent a broad group of congenital malformations that affect a large proportion of world society. Among them are cleft lip and / or palate, the most frequent orofacial anomaly among human beings that cause aesthetic and functional problems in the affected individuals. The etiology of isolated or non-syndromic cleft lip and palate is complex and multifactorial, associated with hereditary and environmental factors. This study aimed to report the genetic and environmental factors associated with the etiology of this type of malformation through a narrative literature review conducted in October 2020, using the PubMed and Scielo databases. The keywords used were cleft palate AND cleft lip AND etiology AND risk factors. Articles in English and Portuguese published in national and international journals about the research theme were included. Based on the literature review, it can be identified that environmental factors such as smoking, alcohol consumption, medication consumption, the non-use of supplementation with multivitamins and folic acid, exposure to pesticides, age of parents can increase the chance of cleft lip and palate occurrence. Gestational monitoring during the first trimester of pregnancy is necessary in order to monitor the risk factors associated with non-syndromic cleft lip and palate.   Keywords: Cleft Palate. Cleft Lip. Etiology. Risk Factors.