Mechanisms and Managements of Influenza and its Related Pneumonia

Influenza have been a huge issue mainly in elderly people, particularly on the management of patients with pneumonia. The influenza-related pneumonia were generally divided in to two categories, such as primary influenza pneumonia and influenza-related bacterial pneumonia, respectively. The molecular mechanisms, including neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) might be contributed to severe influenza mediated through the ‘cytokine storms’, similar to COVID-19. Co-infection with influenza virus and bacteria were suggested to synergic, and also exacerbate the influenza. The importance of administration of anti- influenza, including Baloxavir, a novel anti-influenza agent, and preventive efforts centered on vaccinations combined with influenza and pneumococcal vaccines should be considered.