Endovascular treatment for dural arteriovenous fistula

: Intracranial dural arteriovenous fistulas (DAVFs) are acquired abnormal epidural arteriovenous shunts, particularly at the sinus wall. Most of the DAVFs are associated with progressive sinus occlusion. They are located in the cavernous sinus, lateral (transverse-sigmoid) sinus, superior-sagittal sinus, anterior condylar confluence, tentorial sinus, craniocervical junction, and anterior skull base (ethmoidal sinus). The treatment strategy differs based on the etiology and drainage pattern of DAVFs. The most effective treatment for DAVFs at the sinus wall is transvenous embolization (TVE) with coils. The target coil packing is effective if the sinus point is identified. Certain cases that are difficult to approach transvenously are treated with transarterial embolization (TAE) by using liquid materials like such glue. In particular cases with sinus occlusive lesion sinus reconstruction with sinoplasty is effective. The cases with failed or impossible endovascular approach should be treated with surgical interruption of shunts or by radiosurgery. The most frequent complication of TAE is brain and nerve ischemia due to the overembolization or migration, and that in TVE is the bleeding due to obstruction of the drainage route and nerve compression due to overpacking of coils.