Modulation of cytokine/chemokine production in human macrophages by bisphenol A: A comparison to analogues and interactions with genistein

AbstractThe immunotoxicant bisphenol A (BPA) may produce toxic effects on organs and systems, in part, by altering the secretion of cytokines and chemokines. However, systematic studies of the effects of BPA, let alone of its analogs and in cases when there are interactions with other chemicals, on innate immunity and cytokine modulation are limited. The objectives of this study were to investigate the immunomodulatory effects of: (1) BPA and its analogs, BPS and BPAF; and (2) the interaction between BPA and genistein (GEN), a partial estrogen agonist or antagonist. BPA, BPS, and BPAF were incubated with PMA-differentiated-U937 cells (a widely used cell line for primary human macrophages) at concentrations of 0, 0.1, 1, 10, 100 µM for up to 96 h. BPA (0, 0.1, 1, 10 µM) and GEN (0, 1, 10 µM) were also applied at various combinations. Cell viability and 30 cytokines/chemokines were measured. The results showed that the cell viability-inhibiting effect of these three bisphenols was BPAF > BPA > BPS. At 0.1 µ...