Green analytical methodologies combining liquid-phase microextraction with capillary electrophoresis

Abstract As a green sample-pretreatment technique, liquid-phase microextraction (LPME) has been used with gas chromatography, liquid chromatography and capillary electrophoresis (CE). The methodologies combining LPME and CE are performed with extremely small amounts of reagents and solvents. In this review, we summarize the methods for combining LPME and CE published since 1996. We emphasize direct coupling of LPME and CE, including in-line and integrative techniques. We also cover LPME as one step of dual-preconcentration methods for CE analysis.