Heterogeneous Causes of Stroke: Select Emerging Risk Factors

Besides traditional risk factors for vascular disease such as hypertension and diabetes, several emerging risk factors for stroke should be noted. In this chapter, chronic kidney disease, hyperhomocysteinemia, sleep disorders, metabolic syndrome, and genetic diseases are introduced as emerging risk factors. In particular, chronic kidney disease is now known as an established risk factor for stroke and other cardiovascular diseases, beyond its original meaning as a high-risk state for future dialysis. Chronic kidney disease is also indicative of stroke severity and poor clinical outcomes after stroke. Limitations of stroke therapies including antithrombotic therapy seem to be a reason for the poor stroke outcomes of patients with chronic kidney disease.