Effects of artificial nutrition on the immune system cells

Severe alterations of immune response after trauma are characterized by deficits of cellular, humoral and aspecific immunity, despite different etiologies (burns, major surgery, trauma) (Table 1). Moreover, other conditions in injured patients may further worsen immunosuppression, such as bleeding, transfusions, sepsis, protein-calorie malnutrition, side effects of anesthesia and drugs.