Organizational Arrangements and Industrial Ecology

Experiments in industrial ecology involve both firms and geographical areas. Coordination between different organizations relies on various tools that can be analyzed in the light of transaction cost economics. Contracts, as stated in Transaction Cost Theory appear both as a tool for coordination and as a mechanism of governance. The concept of hybrid forms is also addressed as part of an analysis of the organization of synergies. However, transactional criteria are not in themselves sufficient to differentiate the various organizational forms. Analysis of the nature of collective action is also needed.