Faktor risiko filariasis di Kabupaten Tanjung Jabung Barat Propinsi Jambi

Latar Belakang: Filariasis adalah penyakit menular menahun yang disebabkan cacing filaria, vektornya berbagai jenis nyamuk, hospesnya manusia dan hewan (kucing, kera dan lutung). WHO (2005) memperkirakan 120 juta penduduk dunia telah terinfeksi, dan 1 milyar penduduk (20%) berisiko terinfeksi filariasis. Di Asia Tenggara diperkirakan 700 juta penduduk berisiko dan 60 juta orang telah terinfeksi filariasis. Indonesia rata-rata Mf rate 3,1%, Propinsi Jambi kasus filariasis mengalami peningkatan dari 127 penderita tahun 2003 menjadi 139 penderita tahun 2005. Kabupaten Tanjung Jabung Barat daerah endemis filariasis (Mf rate 2,63%) dengan keadaan daerah banyak hutan dan berawa gambut, lingkungan yang tidak memenuhi standar kesehatan. Pekerjaan mayoritas bertani dan berkebun, sosial budaya sering keluar malam, rumah tanpa pelindung nyamuk dan jarang memakai kelambu. Faktor tersebut belum pernah diteliti apakah ada hubungannya dengan kejadian filariasis di Tanjung Jabung Barat. Tujuan: Mengetahui faktor risiko filariasis di Kabupaten Tanjung Jabung Barat. Cara Penelitian: Jenis penelitian observasi dengan Case-control study, populasi seluruh penduduk yang berada di Kabupaten Tanjung Jabung Barat. Kasus adalah penderita filariasis yang sudah terdiagnosis mikrofilaria positif dan penderita kronis filariasis, kontrol diambil dari tetangga penderita dengan menyetarakan umur dan jenis kelamin. Jumlah kasus dan kontrol masing-masing 97, pengambilan sampel secara random sampling. Analisis data dengan analisis univariat, bivariat dan multivariat Hasil: Dari 12 faktor risiko yang diduga berperan terhadap kejadian filariasis, hanya 3 faktor risiko yang berhubungan erat dengan kejadian filariasis: 1) air tergenang dengan tanaman air (OR: 9,47), 2) berpakaian tidak lengkap ke sawah (OR: 37,83) dan 3) pekerjaan petani (OR: 4,23). Kesimpulan: Tiga faktor risiko utama kejadian filariasis di Kabupaten Tanjung Jabung Barat adalah: 1) air tergenang dengan tanaman air, 2) berpakaian tidak lengkap ke sawah/kebun/hutan dan 3) pekerjaan sebagai petani. of which its vectors are many kinds of mosquitoes and its hospes are humans and animals (Felis catus, Macaca fascicularis, Presbytis cristatus). The World Health Organization (2005) predicts that 120 millions of world population have been infected and 1 billion (20%) have risks of filariasis infection. In South East Asia it is predicted that as many as 700 million people are having risk of filariasis and 60 million have been infected. In Indonesia average MF rate is 3.1% and in the Province of Jambi filariasis cases increased from 127 in 2003 to 139 sufferers in 2005. District of Tanjung Jabung Barat is a filariasis endemic area (MF rate 2.63%) with many forest, peat moss and swamp areas and environment not suitable for health. Most of its people are farmers and often stay outdoor late at night without using mosquito repeller and rarely use mosquito nets. These factors have never been observed to find out whether they are related to prevalence of filariasis at Tanjung Jabung Barat. Objective: To identify risk factors of filariasis at District of Tanjung Jabung Barat. Method: The study was observational with case control design and all inhabitants of Tanjung Jabung Barat District were chosen as population of the study. The cases were filariasis patients diagnosed as having positive microfilaria and chronic filariasis patients. The controls were neighbors of filariasis patients with similar age and sex. There were as many as 97 cases and 97 controls selected using random sampling technique. Data analysis used univariable, bivariable and multivariable techniques. Result: Out of 12 risk factors assumed as having related to prevalence of filariasis there were only 3 closely related to the prevalence: ponds with water plants (OR:9.47), wearing complete clothes when working in to the field (OR:37,83) and working as farmers (OR:4.23). Conclusion: Three main risk factors of the prevalence of filariasis at the District of Tanjung Jabung Barat were: 1) ponds with water plants, 2) wearing not complete clothes when working in the field/garden/forest, and 3) working as farmers.