Hot or Cold: Bioengineering Immune Contextures into In Vitro Patient-Derived Tumor Models.

Abstract In the past decade, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) have proven to be tremendously effective for a subset of cancer patients. However, it is difficult to predict the response of individual patients and efforts are now directed at understanding the mechanisms of ICI resistance. Current models of patient tumors poorly recapitulate the immune contexture, which describe immune parameters that are associated with patient survival. In this Review, we discuss the parameters that influence the induction of the different immune contextures found within tumors and how engineering strategies may be leveraged to recapitulate these contextures to develop the next generation immune-competent patient-derived in vitro models.