Chemical Bonding—The Formation of Materials

This chapter covers chemical bonding between atoms and ions and how this affects the chemical properties of the elements. Which elements form ions and the typical charges on the ions are explained. Ionic bonding and covalent bonding are compared in terms of the octet rule and valence bond theory. Polar and nonpolar covalent bonds are explained and their relationship to both electron group geometry and molecular geometry is stressed. Polyatomic ions are described as a mixed ionic, covalent species. Molecular orbital theory is introduced to explain magnetism, bond order, and hybridization, which will be important in later discussions of the chemistry of carbon. Intermolecular forces, including hydrogen bonding, are discussed with a special Case Study focusing on the special properties of water.