Cutaneous Mycobacterium chelonae infection following autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation for POEMS syndrome

Abstract Although hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) may increase the curability of refractory hematologic diseases, it requires complication management due to a long-term immunocompromised state. We experienced a case who received an autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation (Auto-PBSCT) for POEMS syndrome (polyneuropathy, organomegaly, endocrinopathy, monoclonal gammopathy, and skin changes) and developed cutaneous Mycobacterium chelonae infection. It is clear that attention needs to be paid to prevent bacterial, fungal and viral infection after HSCT. It is also important to keep in mind that tuberculous and nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM), in rare cases, lead to lethal complications.