Foot-like heart

Figure: Left ventricular non-compaction (A) Two-dimensional echocardiography in the apical four-chamber view showing prominent trabeculations from the apex to middle portion of the left ventricle. (B) Contrast echocardiography showing contrast agent penetrating into the intertrabecular recesses. (C) Magnetic resonance image of the apical four-chamber view showing large trabeculations in the apex of the left ventricle. (D) Left ventriculography (30° right anterior oblique projection) showing a characteristic foot-like appearance. diastolic non-compacted to compacted layer ratio of 2·4 (fi gure C), meeting the current diagnostic criteria of left ventricular non-com paction. Contrast left ventriculography showed a char acteristic appearance of multiple broad trabeculations of the left ventricle that had a roughly parallel orientation (fi gure D, video 3). Left ventricular non-compaction is a rare disorder characterised by thickened left ventricular wall with deep intertrabecular recesses and can be associated with neuromuscular disease. Its main clinical manifestations are heart failure, thromboembolic events, and arrhythmias.